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GKE Autopilot - the easy way

· 2 min read
Jeffrey Aven
Technologist and Cloud Consultant

I grappled with Terraform for the better part of a day trying to provision a GKE Autopilot cluster in a Shared VPC service project, I was able to do this with StackQL in 2 minutes, this is how...

Before starting you will need the following to use GKE Autopilot in your Shared VPC:

  • control plane IP address range
  • control plane authorized networks (if desired)
  • the host network and node subnet you intend to use
  • pod and services secondary CIDR ranges

(all of the above would typically be pre-provisioned in the Shared VPC design and deployment)

Step 1: Using the GCP console, navigate to your service project, go to Kubernetes Engine --> Clusters --> Create --> GKE Autopilot --> Configure. Enter in all of the desired configuration options (including the network configuration specified above). Do not select CREATE.

Step 2: At the bottom of the dialog used to configure the cluster in the console, use the Equivalent REST button to generate the GKE Autopilot API request body.

Step 3: Supply this as input data to an StackQL INSERT command, either via an iql file, on as inline configuration. Optionally you can convert this to Jsonnet and parameterise for use in other environments.

<<<json
{
  "cluster": {
	..from equivalent REST command..
  }
}
>>>

INSERT INTO google.container.`projects.locations.clusters`(
  parent,
  data__cluster
)
SELECT 'projects/my-svc-project/locations/australia-southeast1',
  '{{ .cluster }}'
;

easy!

Using the Jsonnet Map Function

· 2 min read
Jeffrey Aven
Technologist and Cloud Consultant

Jsonnet is a fantastic configuration language as discussed in Using Jsonnet to Configure Multiple Environments. Going slightly beyond the basics, this article is an introduction to anonymous functions and the map and format methods in the Jsonnet standard library.

Similar to map methods in various other functional programming languages or data processing frameworks, map in Jsonnet evaluates a named or anonymous function for each element within an array. map is a higher order function, meaning it is a function that calls another function. Its signature is here:

std.map(func, arr)

the func argument could be a named function or an unnamed (or anonymous function). arr is an input array which could include embedded dictionaries or other lists as well.

In this example I am templating some config for a NAT gateway in GCP for use in an StackQL routine, where I have a list of external IP's that need to be formatted in the Google selfLink format. Perfect use for the map method as well as the format command similar to the printf or equivalent commands found in various other languages. The easiest way to use this is similar to the way you would invoke this in Python:

"%s/%s/%s" % [string1, string2, string3]

Putting it all together in the following practical example, you can see the input Jsonnet in the Jsonnet tab and the templated or rendered output in the Json tab. x represents an element of the extIps array, then the function returns the fully qualified selfLink url.

{
 local project_id = 'myproject-123',
 local region = 'australia-southeast1',
 local self_link_prefix = 'https://compute.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/',
 local extIps = [{name: 'syd-extip1', region: region},{name: 'syd-extip2', region: region}],

 nats: [
  {
   name: 'nat-config', 
   natIpAllocateOption: 'MANUAL_ONLY', 
   natIps: std.map((function(x) "%s/%s/regions/%s/addresses/%s" % [self_link_prefix, project_id, x.region, x.name]), extIps), 
   sourceSubnetworkIpRangesToNat: 'ALL_SUBNETWORKS_ALL_IP_RANGES'
  },	
 ],
}

more to come...

Querying Big Query Errors and Load Stats

· 8 min read
Jeffrey Aven
Technologist and Cloud Consultant

Big Query provides a wealth of metrics and statistics for jobs run against it which could be queries, load jobs or export jobs. This article demonstrates some queries you can run using StackQL to bring back live statistics from load operations into Big Query as well as detail regarding errors encountered during the loading of data into Big Query.

Loading Data into Big Query from GCS using StackQL​

In a previous blog, we demonstrated how to create a Big Query dataset and how to create a Big Query table using StackQL INSERT statements. Having created a target dataset and table in Big Query, we can invoke a load job using StackQL by performing an INSERT into the google.bigquery.jobs resource.

The data for this operation is shown in the Data tab which is supplied in Jsonnet format.

INSERT INTO google.bigquery.jobs(
  projectId,
  data__configuration
)
SELECT
  'stackql',
  '{{ .configuration }}'
;

Query for Big Query Errors​

The Big Query Job Object can be queried using an StackQL SELECT statement.

To see the available fields with their data types and descriptions, you can run the following StackQL DESCRIBE statement:

DESCRIBE EXTENDED google.bigquery.jobs;

As you can see from running the above command or looking at the API documentation, there is a state field which is an enum showing the state of the job, since we are only concerned with completed jobs we will filter on jobs with a state of DONE. The errorResult field is an object but its presence alone indicates that an error has occurred so we will add another filter to only show results where errorResult is not null.

A simple query to start off with is to count the number of errors, this will be for all job types (load, extract and query):

SELECT COUNT(*) as num_errors 
FROM google.bigquery.jobs
WHERE projectId = 'stackql'
AND state = 'DONE'
AND errorResult IS NOT null;

To get a little more information about Big Query errors we can run a detailed query, extracting fields from the errorResult object using the JSON_EXTRACT built in function. This function is exceptionally useful as many of the fields returned from Google APIs are complex objects.

SELECT id, JSON_EXTRACT(errorResult, '$.reason') AS errorReason
FROM google.bigquery.jobs
WHERE projectId = 'stackql'
AND state = 'DONE'
AND errorResult IS NOT null;

Get Big Query Load Specific Errors​

The previous queries returned all errors for all Big Query job types. If we want to narrow our query to just Big Query load operations we can use the Big Query JobStatistics object, which includes fields for each job type.

To refine results to only load operations add the following expression to the WHERE clause:

AND JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.load') IS NOT null;

Date values returned in job responses are in Unix timestamp format, to format them in a human readable format we can use the DATETIME built in function. Here is a more advanced example:

SELECT id,
JSON_EXTRACT(errorResult, '$.message') AS errorMessage,
JSON_EXTRACT(errorResult, '$.reason') AS errorReason,
DATETIME(SUBSTR(JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.creationTime'), 1, 10), 'unixepoch') AS creationTime,
DATETIME(SUBSTR(JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.startTime'), 1, 10), 'unixepoch') AS startTime,
DATETIME(SUBSTR(JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.endTime'), 1, 10), 'unixepoch') AS endTime
FROM google.bigquery.jobs
WHERE projectId = 'stackql'
AND state = 'DONE'
AND errorResult IS NOT null
AND JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.load') IS NOT null;

Get Big Query Load Statistics​

Now if you want to query for statistics for Big Query load operations which were successful, we can refine the query using the following conditions:

WHERE project = 'myproject'
AND state = 'DONE'
AND errorResult IS null
AND JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.load') IS NOT null;

The JobStatistics object for a Big Query load job can be found here: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/rest/v2/Job#JobStatistics3. Let's run an StackQL query to return all of the statistics for load jobs run in a given GCP project.

SELECT id,
DATETIME(SUBSTR(JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.creationTime'), 1, 10), 'unixepoch') AS creationTime,
DATETIME(SUBSTR(JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.startTime'), 1, 10), 'unixepoch') AS startTime,
DATETIME(SUBSTR(JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.endTime'), 1, 10), 'unixepoch') AS endTime,
JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.load.inputFiles') AS inputFiles,
JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.load.inputFileBytes') AS inputFileBytes,
JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.load.outputRows') AS outputRows,
JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.load.outputBytes') AS outputBytes,
JSON_EXTRACT(statistics, '$.load.badRecords') AS badRecords
FROM google.bigquery.jobs
WHERE projectId = 'stackql'
AND state = 'DONE'
AND errorResult IS null
AND json_extract(statistics, '$.load') IS NOT null;

In future posts we will show similar examples using StackQL to query for errors and statistics for extract and query jobs in Big Query, see you then!

Exploring the Google Cloud Asset API

· 6 min read
Jeffrey Aven
Technologist and Cloud Consultant

The Cloud Asset API has recently gone GA, this is an exceptionally useful service which stores the history and inventory of cloud resources in your GCP org. Using the Cloud Asset API via StackQL you can enumerate all of the services and resources in your GCP org, including billable resources such as Cloud Storage buckets or Compute Engine instances, as well as other objects such as billing accounts, folders, projects, firewalls, service accounts and much more. All of this can be done using SQL!

Let’s start by exploring the available fields in this service:

Explore the API​

Use the DESCRIBE or DESCRIBE EXTENDED to see the fields available in the google.cloudasset.assets resource as shown here:

DESCRIBE EXTENDED google.cloudasset.assets;

As you can see there is some very interesting stuff here, including where the asset fits in the organization hierarchy as well as whether the asset is included in a service perimeter.

Run some queries!​

To start querying you just need to supply a root node from which you want to start enumerating assets, this can be at an org level, folder level or project level.

A simple query to group and count all of the different types of assets in a GCP project is shown here:

SELECT assetType, COUNT(*)
FROM google.cloudasset.assets 
WHERE parent = 'projects/123123123123'
GROUP BY assetType;

or to see the most recent assets to be deployed or modified you could run:

SELECT name, updateTime
FROM google.cloudasset.assets 
WHERE parent = 'organizations/12312312312' 
ORDER BY updateTime DESC
LIMIT 3;

You can go nuts from here with other reports or drill into detail as to anomalies or stray assets, have fun!

Preventing Public Access for GCS Buckets

· 2 min read
Jeffrey Aven
Technologist and Cloud Consultant

Its easy enough for anyone to deploy a Cloud Storage bucket in google, this can be done through the console, gcloud, terraform or stackql as shown here: Deploying and Querying GCS Buckets using StackQL. It is also easy to inadvertently allow users to set public ACLs on a bucket, therefore making its contents publicly visible by default. There is an easy way to prevent this from happening by Using public access prevention.

Let's work through a real life scenario using StackQL.

Step 1 : Run a query to find buckets which do not have public access prevention enforced​

Run the following StackQL query from the shell or via exec:

SELECT name, 
JSON_EXTRACT(iamConfiguration, '$.publicAccessPrevention') as publicAccessPrevention
FROM  google.storage.buckets
WHERE project = 'myco-terraform';
/* returns
|-------------------|------------------------|
|       name        | publicAccessPrevention |
|-------------------|------------------------|
| myco-tf-nonprod   | unspecified            |
|-------------------|------------------------|
| myco-tf-prod      | enforced               |
|-------------------|------------------------|
*/

We can see from the query results that the myco-tf-nonprod bucket does not have public access prevention enforced, lets fix it...using StackQL.

Step 2 : Configure public access prevention for a bucket​

Run the following StackQL procedure to enforce public access prevention:

EXEC google.storage.buckets.patch 
@bucket = 'myco-tf-nonprod'
@@json = '{
    "iamConfiguration": {
      "publicAccessPrevention": "enforced"
    }
}';

Step 3: Confirm public access prevention is enforced​

Run the first query again, and you should see that the desired result is in place.

SELECT name, 
JSON_EXTRACT(iamConfiguration, '$.publicAccessPrevention') as publicAccessPrevention
FROM  google.storage.buckets
WHERE project = 'myco-terraform';
/* returns
|-------------------|------------------------|
|       name        | publicAccessPrevention |
|-------------------|------------------------|
| myco-tf-nonprod   | enforced               |
|-------------------|------------------------|
| myco-tf-prod      | enforced               |
|-------------------|------------------------|
*/

Easy!